add more individual stars and move to subplots

This commit is contained in:
2025-05-21 22:37:49 +02:00
parent 267c7e66b1
commit 9f59fc3272
47 changed files with 363 additions and 89 deletions
@@ -12,15 +12,22 @@ Looking at figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins} there is an even distribution w
Looking at the same data, just with 30 instead of 10 bins (figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins}), the same dip is visible. In this figure the dip spans 3 bins. Additionally there are additional dips at around phase $0.7 \pi$, $1.3 \pi$ and $1.4 \pi$. Including the error, the major dip (which was already visible in figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins}) is still below the average. Similar for the dips at phases $0.7 \pi$ and $1.3 \pi$. The dip at phase $1.4 \pi$ on the other hand overlaps with its error with the errorbars of the bins at phase \textasciitilde$1.7 \pi$ and and onward, which are good assumption for an average value. Due to the dips surrounding the center, it may look like there is an increased number of flares in the center. If we look at the errorbars, it is clear that only the bin at phase \textasciitilde$1.25 \pi$ is above the average. Looking at the same data, just with 30 instead of 10 bins (figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins}), the same dip is visible. In this figure the dip spans 3 bins. Additionally there are additional dips at around phase $0.7 \pi$, $1.3 \pi$ and $1.4 \pi$. Including the error, the major dip (which was already visible in figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins}) is still below the average. Similar for the dips at phases $0.7 \pi$ and $1.3 \pi$. The dip at phase $1.4 \pi$ on the other hand overlaps with its error with the errorbars of the bins at phase \textasciitilde$1.7 \pi$ and and onward, which are good assumption for an average value. Due to the dips surrounding the center, it may look like there is an increased number of flares in the center. If we look at the errorbars, it is clear that only the bin at phase \textasciitilde$1.25 \pi$ is above the average.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M-Flarecount-10_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 144 M dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins} \label{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M-Flarecount-30_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 144 M dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 30 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins} \label{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 144 M dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins (\subref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins})/30 bins (\subref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins}) of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.}
\label{fig:M-Flarecount}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Filtering the data by the minimal flare peak (see figures \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.25_peak} to \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.5_peak}), makes the trend of figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins} clearer. There are increasinly more flares in the minima at phase $1 \pi$ (more/bigger star spots) and maxima at phase $0$ and $2 \pi$ (less/smaller star spots) compared to the transitions. Filtering the data by the minimal flare peak (see figures \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.25_peak} to \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.5_peak}), makes the trend of figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins} clearer. There are increasinly more flares in the minima at phase $1 \pi$ (more/bigger star spots) and maxima at phase $0$ and $2 \pi$ (less/smaller star spots) compared to the transitions.
@@ -31,27 +38,36 @@ Increasing the normalized minimal flare peak further to 1.5 decreases the total
Increasing the bin count to 30 (see figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.5_peak}) decreases the individual bin heights so far, that the errorbars start to explode in size, which causes all of them to overlap and not give any proper results. Increasing the bin count to 30 (see figure \ref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.5_peak}) decreases the individual bin heights so far, that the errorbars start to explode in size, which causes all of them to overlap and not give any proper results.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.49\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M_minFlarePeak_1.25-Flarecount-10_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M_minFlarePeak_1.25-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares with a normalized peak of greater than 1.25 per phase for all 144 M dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{Minimum flare peak 1.25, 10 bins}
\label{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.25_peak} \label{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.25_peak}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.49\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M_minFlarePeak_1.25-Flarecount-30_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M_minFlarePeak_1.25-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares with a normalized peak of greater than 1.25 per phase for all 144 M dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 30 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{Minimum flare peak 1.25, 30 bins}
\label{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.25_peak} \label{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.25_peak}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.49\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M_minFlarePeak_1.5-Flarecount-10_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M_minFlarePeak_1.5-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares with a normalized peak of greater than 1.5 per phase for all 144 M dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{Minimum flare peak 1.5, 10 bins}
\label{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.5_peak} \label{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.5_peak}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.49\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M_minFlarePeak_1.5-Flarecount-30_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/M/M_minFlarePeak_1.5-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares with a normalized peak of greater than 1.5 per phase for all 144 M dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 30 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{Minimum flare peak 1.5, 30 bins}
\label{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.5_peak} \label{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.5_peak}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histograms showing the amount of flares with a normalized peak of greater than 1.25 (\subref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.25_peak} and \subref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.25_peak})/1.5 (\subref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.5_peak} and \subref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.5_peak}) per phase for all 144 M dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 (\subref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.25_peak} and \subref{fig:M-Flarecount-10_Bins_1.5_peak})/30 (\subref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.25_peak} and \subref{fig:M-Flarecount-30_Bins_1.5_peak}) bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.}
\label{fig:M-Flarecount-peaks}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\FloatBarrier \FloatBarrier
@@ -62,15 +78,22 @@ Figure \ref{fig:K-Flarecount-10_Bins} shows the amount of flares per phase with
Looking at the same dataset with 30 bins for the histogram (figure \ref{fig:K-Flarecount-30_Bins}), the peak in the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ is still visible. Additionally there appear more peaks at phase $>1.3 \pi$ ($1.3,~1.6,~1.9 \pi$), while the amount of flares between phase $0 \pi$ and $1 \pi$ shows a slight trend to more flares with dips inbetween and a larger dip right before and after the big peak at phase $1 \pi$ which was also visible in figure \ref{fig:K-Flarecount-10_Bins} with 10 bins. The major dips at phase $0.7 \pi$, $1.3 \pi$, $1.6 \pi$ and $1.9 \pi$ are all well outside the errorbars of the surrounding peak bins, while the smaller ones between phase $0 \pi$ and $1 \pi$ overlap with their errorbars with their surrounding bins. Looking at the same dataset with 30 bins for the histogram (figure \ref{fig:K-Flarecount-30_Bins}), the peak in the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ is still visible. Additionally there appear more peaks at phase $>1.3 \pi$ ($1.3,~1.6,~1.9 \pi$), while the amount of flares between phase $0 \pi$ and $1 \pi$ shows a slight trend to more flares with dips inbetween and a larger dip right before and after the big peak at phase $1 \pi$ which was also visible in figure \ref{fig:K-Flarecount-10_Bins} with 10 bins. The major dips at phase $0.7 \pi$, $1.3 \pi$, $1.6 \pi$ and $1.9 \pi$ are all well outside the errorbars of the surrounding peak bins, while the smaller ones between phase $0 \pi$ and $1 \pi$ overlap with their errorbars with their surrounding bins.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/K/K-Flarecount-10_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/K/K-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 37 K dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:K-Flarecount-10_Bins} \label{fig:K-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/K/K-Flarecount-30_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/K/K-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 37 K dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 30 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:K-Flarecount-30_Bins} \label{fig:K-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 37 K dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins (\subref{fig:K-Flarecount-10_Bins})/30 bins (\subref{fig:K-Flarecount-30_Bins}) of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.}
\label{fig:K-Flarecount}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\FloatBarrier \FloatBarrier
@@ -81,15 +104,22 @@ The first histogram over all data of G type dwarfs with 10 bins in figure \ref{f
Due to the lower number of detected flares on G type stars, the error bars in figure \ref{fig:G-Flarecount-30_Bins} are rather large. The increase of flares in the minima of the folded lightcurve from the previous figure is now splint into two peaks at phase $0.6 \pi$ and $1 \pi$. An additional peak bin appears at around phase $0.25 \pi$ in this figure. This peaks errorbar does not overlap with its surrounding bins errorbars. Right before this peak is a significant dip visible at phase $0.2 \pi$. On the other half of the phase after the peak at phase $1 \pi$, the near even distribution of figure \ref{fig:G-Flarecount-10_Bins} becomes more noisy, even though its still well within error. Due to the lower number of detected flares on G type stars, the error bars in figure \ref{fig:G-Flarecount-30_Bins} are rather large. The increase of flares in the minima of the folded lightcurve from the previous figure is now splint into two peaks at phase $0.6 \pi$ and $1 \pi$. An additional peak bin appears at around phase $0.25 \pi$ in this figure. This peaks errorbar does not overlap with its surrounding bins errorbars. Right before this peak is a significant dip visible at phase $0.2 \pi$. On the other half of the phase after the peak at phase $1 \pi$, the near even distribution of figure \ref{fig:G-Flarecount-10_Bins} becomes more noisy, even though its still well within error.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/G/G-Flarecount-10_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/G/G-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 71 G dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:G-Flarecount-10_Bins} \label{fig:G-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/G/G-Flarecount-30_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/G/G-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 71 G dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 30 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:G-Flarecount-30_Bins} \label{fig:G-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 71 G dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins (\subref{fig:G-Flarecount-10_Bins})/30 bins (\subref{fig:G-Flarecount-30_Bins}) of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.}
\label{fig:G-Flarecount}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\FloatBarrier \FloatBarrier
@@ -99,15 +129,22 @@ This section shows the results for all 13 F dwarfs in this study. The list of F
Due to the low number of F type stars in this study, and the difficulty to detect flares on them, the detected number of flares in figures \ref{fig:F-Flarecount-10_Bins} and \ref{fig:F-Flarecount-30_Bins} is very low which causes the errorbars of the histogram to grow very large. Nontheless all detected flares were around the minimum of the lightcurves. Due to the low number of F type stars in this study, and the difficulty to detect flares on them, the detected number of flares in figures \ref{fig:F-Flarecount-10_Bins} and \ref{fig:F-Flarecount-30_Bins} is very low which causes the errorbars of the histogram to grow very large. Nontheless all detected flares were around the minimum of the lightcurves.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/F/F-Flarecount-10_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/F/F-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 13 F dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:F-Flarecount-10_Bins} \label{fig:F-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/F/F-Flarecount-30_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/F/F-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 13 F dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:F-Flarecount-30_Bins} \label{fig:F-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 13 F dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins (\subref{fig:F-Flarecount-10_Bins})/30 bins (\subref{fig:F-Flarecount-30_Bins}) of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.}
\label{fig:F-Flarecount}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\FloatBarrier \FloatBarrier
@@ -118,15 +155,22 @@ The dip at phase $0.5 \pi$ which was present in the histogram for the M type sta
Looking at the same data with 30 bins over the phase in figure \ref{fig:MKGF-Flarecount-30_Bins}, the propagation of the variation in the data of the M type stars is clearly visible with the dip around phase $0.5 \pi$ and $1.4 \pi$. Additionally the peaks from the data of K (figure \ref{fig:K-Flarecount-30_Bins}) and G (figure \ref{fig:G-Flarecount-30_Bins}) type stars cause a wider peak at around phase $1 \pi$. Additionally there are also smaller, especially less wide peaks at around phases $0.4 \pi$, $0.7 \pi$ and $1.5 \pi$. Looking at the same data with 30 bins over the phase in figure \ref{fig:MKGF-Flarecount-30_Bins}, the propagation of the variation in the data of the M type stars is clearly visible with the dip around phase $0.5 \pi$ and $1.4 \pi$. Additionally the peaks from the data of K (figure \ref{fig:K-Flarecount-30_Bins}) and G (figure \ref{fig:G-Flarecount-30_Bins}) type stars cause a wider peak at around phase $1 \pi$. Additionally there are also smaller, especially less wide peaks at around phases $0.4 \pi$, $0.7 \pi$ and $1.5 \pi$.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/MKGF-Flarecount-10_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/MKGF-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 265 dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The colors show the individual amount for each spectral type with the amount being stacked ontop of each other. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:MKGF-Flarecount-10_Bins} \label{fig:MKGF-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/MKGF-Flarecount-30_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/MKGF-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram showing the amount of flares per phase for all 265 dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 30 bins of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The colors show the individual amount for each spectral type with the amount being stacked ontop of each other. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.} \caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:MKGF-Flarecount-30_Bins} \label{fig:MKGF-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histograms showing the amount of flares per phase for all 265 dwarfs used in this study. The x-axis represents the normalized phase of the folded lightcurves. There are 10 bins (\subref{fig:MKGF-Flarecount-10_Bins})/30 bins (\subref{fig:MKGF-Flarecount-30_Bins}) of the phase, showing the number of flares per bin. The colors show the individual amount for each spectral type with the amount being stacked ontop of each other. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue line indicates an idialized phase (sine curve), with the maximum at phase $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$ and the minimum at phase $1 \pi$.}
\label{fig:MKGF-Flarecount}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\FloatBarrier \FloatBarrier
@@ -134,6 +178,117 @@ Looking at the same data with 30 bins over the phase in figure \ref{fig:MKGF-Fla
This section contains a selection of results for individual stars. The results for this section were selected because either they match what this study was looking for or because the opposite is the case or were in some other way interesting. This section contains a selection of results for individual stars. The results for this section were selected because either they match what this study was looking for or because the opposite is the case or were in some other way interesting.
\subsection{BD-08 995}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/BD-08_995/BD-08\space\space\space995-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:BD-08_995-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/BD-08_995/BD-08\space\space\space995-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:BD-08_995-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histograms of BD-08 995 across the phase showing the number of flares in each bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue lines show the various fits for the folded lightcurves used to generate the data, with the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ and phase maximum at $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$.}
\label{fig:BD-08_995-Flarecount}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/BD-08_995/BD-08\space\space\space995_TESS-5-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 5}
\label{fig:BD-08_995-TESS5_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/BD-08_995/BD-08\space\space\space995_TESS-32-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 32}
\label{fig:BD-08_995-TESS32_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Folded lightcurves for BD-08 995. The blue lines shows the sine fits calculated. The red crosses indicate the detected flare peaks.}
\label{fig:BD-08_995-TESS_foldedLCs}
\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier
\subsection{TYC 1360-957-1}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/TYC_1360-957-1/TYC 1360-957-1-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:TYC_1360-957-1-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/TYC_1360-957-1/TYC 1360-957-1-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:TYC_1360-957-1-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histograms of TYC 1360-957-1 across the phase showing the number of flares in each bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue lines show the various fits for the folded lightcurves used to generate the data, with the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ and phase maximum at $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$.}
\label{fig:TYC_1360-957-1-Flarecount}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/TYC_1360-957-1/TYC 1360-957-1_TESS-44-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 44}
\label{fig:TYC_1360-957-1-TESS44_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/TYC_1360-957-1/TYC 1360-957-1_TESS-45-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 45}
\label{fig:TYC_1360-957-1-TESS45_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/TYC_1360-957-1/TYC 1360-957-1_TESS-46-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 46}
\label{fig:TYC_1360-957-1-TESS46_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Folded lightcurves for TYC 1360-957-1. The blue lines shows the sine fits calculated. The red crosses indicate the detected flare peaks.}
\label{fig:TYC_1360-957-1-TESS_foldedLCs}
\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier
\subsection{TYC 4595-107-1}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/TYC_4595-107-1/TYC 4595-107-1-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:TYC_4595-107-1-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/TYC_4595-107-1/TYC 4595-107-1-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:TYC_4595-107-1-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histograms of TYC 4595-107-1 across the phase showing the number of flares in each bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue lines show the various fits for the folded lightcurves used to generate the data, with the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ and phase maximum at $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$.}
\label{fig:TYC_4595-107-1-Flarecount}
\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier
\subsection{V* V471 Tau} \subsection{V* V471 Tau}
V471 Tau is a post-common envelope binary system consiting of a K2 type dwarf and a white dwarf (\cite{v471tau_revised}). The K2 dwarf has a always present dominant spot, which faces the white dwarf (\cite{V471tau_magnetic_activity}). V471 Tau is a post-common envelope binary system consiting of a K2 type dwarf and a white dwarf (\cite{v471tau_revised}). The K2 dwarf has a always present dominant spot, which faces the white dwarf (\cite{V471tau_magnetic_activity}).
@@ -144,39 +299,155 @@ As seen in figures \ref{fig:V471Tau-TESS42_foldedLC}, \ref{fig:V471Tau-TESS43_fo
Increasing the bins to 30 (figure \ref{fig:V471Tau-Flarecount-30_Bins}) does not change the result much. Due to the individual flare count being lower per bin compared to the previous figure, the errorbars increase in size comparatively. There are still peaks at around $0.5 \pi$ and $1 \pi$. Increasing the bins to 30 (figure \ref{fig:V471Tau-Flarecount-30_Bins}) does not change the result much. Due to the individual flare count being lower per bin compared to the previous figure, the errorbars increase in size comparatively. There are still peaks at around $0.5 \pi$ and $1 \pi$.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau-Flarecount-10_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram of V471 Tau with 10 bins across the phase showing the number of flares in each bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue lines show the various fits for the folded lightcurves used to generate the data, with the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ and phase maximum at $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$.} \caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:V471Tau-Flarecount-10_Bins} \label{fig:V471Tau-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau-Flarecount-30_Bins.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{Histogram of V471 Tau with 30 bins across the phase showing the number of flares in each bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue lines show the various fits for the folded lightcurves used to generate the data, with phase minimum at $1 \pi$ and phase maximum at $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$.} \caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:V471Tau-Flarecount-30_Bins} \label{fig:V471Tau-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histograms of V471 Tau across the phase showing the number of flares in each bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue lines show the various fits for the folded lightcurves used to generate the data, with the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ and phase maximum at $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$.}
\label{fig:V471Tau-Flarecount}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Looking at the folded lightcurves for this star (see figures \ref{fig:V471Tau-TESS42_foldedLC}, \ref{fig:V471Tau-TESS43_foldedLC} and \ref{fig:V471Tau-TESS44_foldedLC}), the transit of the white dwarf (sudden dip in the folded lightcurve) is clearly visible, and always happens around phase 0. Looking at the folded lightcurves for this star (see figures \ref{fig:V471Tau-TESS42_foldedLC}, \ref{fig:V471Tau-TESS43_foldedLC} and \ref{fig:V471Tau-TESS44_foldedLC}), the transit of the white dwarf (sudden dip in the folded lightcurve) is clearly visible, and always happens around phase 0.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau_TESS-42-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau_TESS-42-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{Folded lightcurve for V* V471 Tau and TESS Sector 42. The blue line shows the sine fit calculated. The red crosses indicate the detected flare peaks.} \caption{TESS Sector 42}
\label{fig:V471Tau-TESS42_foldedLC} \label{fig:V471Tau-TESS42_foldedLC}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau_TESS-43-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau_TESS-43-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{Folded lightcurve for V* V471 Tau and TESS Sector 43. The blue line shows the sine fit calculated. The red crosses indicate the detected flare peaks.} \caption{TESS Sector 43}
\label{fig:V471Tau-TESS43_foldedLC} \label{fig:V471Tau-TESS43_foldedLC}
\end{figure} \end{subfigure}
\begin{figure}[pt!] \vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau_TESS-44-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png} \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau_TESS-44-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{Folded lightcurve for V* V471 Tau and TESS Sector 44. The blue line shows the sine fit calculated. The red crosses indicate the detected flare peaks.} \caption{TESS Sector 44}
\label{fig:V471Tau-TESS44_foldedLC} \label{fig:V471Tau-TESS44_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Folded lightcurves for V* V471 Tau. The blue lines shows the sine fits calculated. The red crosses indicate the detected flare peaks.}
\label{fig:V471Tau-TESS_foldedLCs}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Figure \ref{fig:V471Tau-flarepeaks_1.053} shows the normalized phase and peak of each flare in the data during which part of the phase it happened. It shows that the largest flares happened at around phase $0.5 \pi$, $1 \pi$ and $1.5 \pi$. The phase in which the white dwarf transit happens is at around phase $1 \pi$. Figure \ref{fig:V471Tau-flarepeaks_1.053} shows the normalized phase and peak of each flare in the data during which part of the phase it happened. It shows that the largest flares happened at around phase $0.5 \pi$, $1 \pi$ and $1.5 \pi$. The phase in which the white dwarf transit happens is at around phase $1 \pi$.
\begin{figure}[pt!] \begin{figure}[pt!]
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau-Flarepeaks_maxY-1.0539907609848342.png} \includegraphics[width=.95\textwidth]{plots/sine/V471Tau/V_star_ V471 Tau-Flarepeaks_maxY-1.0539907609848342.png}
\caption{Distribution of flare peaks in relation to the normalized phase at which they occured. Y-Axis shows the flare peak and is limited to the value of the highest peak detected. The x-axis shows the normalized phase.} \caption{Distribution of flare peaks in relation to the normalized phase at which they occured. Y-Axis shows the flare peak and is limited to the value of the highest peak detected. The x-axis shows the normalized phase.}
\label{fig:V471Tau-flarepeaks_1.053} \label{fig:V471Tau-flarepeaks_1.053}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\FloatBarrier
\subsection{V* HK Aqr}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr-Flarecount-10_Bins.png}
\caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:HKAqr-Flarecount-10_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr-Flarecount-30_Bins.png}
\caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:HKAqr-Flarecount-30_Bins}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histograms of V* HK Aqr across the phase showing the number of flares in each bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue lines show the various fits for the folded lightcurves used to generate the data, with the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ and phase maximum at $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$.}
\label{fig:HKAqr-Flarecount}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr_TESS-2-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 2}
\label{fig:HKAqr-TESS2_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr_TESS-29-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 29}
\label{fig:HKAqr-TESS29_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr_TESS-42-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 42}
\label{fig:HKAqr-TESS42_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr_TESS-69-foldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 69}
\label{fig:HKAqr-TESS69_foldedLC}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Folded lightcurves for V* HK Aqr. The blue lines shows the sine fits calculated. The red crosses indicate the detected flare peaks.}
\label{fig:HKAqr-TESS_foldedLCs}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr-Flarecount-10_Bins_Period.png}
\caption{10 bins}
\label{fig:HKAqr-Flarecount-10_Bins_Period}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr-Flarecount-30_Bins_Period.png}
\caption{30 bins}
\label{fig:HKAqr-Flarecount-30_Bins_Period}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Histograms of V* HK Aqr across the phase showing the number of flares in each bin. The error bar shows the standard deviation for the histogram. The blue lines show the various fits for the folded lightcurves used to generate the data, with the phase minimum at $1 \pi$ and phase maximum at $0 \pi$/$2 \pi$.}
\label{fig:HKAqr-Flarecount_Period}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[pt!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr_TESS-29-periodFoldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 29}
\label{fig:HKAqr-TESS29_foldedLC_Period}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{subfigure}[b]{.95\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{plots/sine/HKAqr/V_star_ HK Aqr_TESS-42-periodFoldedLC-marked_fit_flares.png}
\caption{TESS Sector 42}
\label{fig:HKAqr-TESS42_foldedLC_Period}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Folded lightcurves for V* HK Aqr. The blue lines shows the sine fits calculated. The red crosses indicate the detected flare peaks.}
\label{fig:HKAqr-TESS_foldedLCs_Period}
\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier
\subsection{KOI-256}
detect twice a strong faster periodicity, ~1.38, ~0.69 days, Kepler 37, 38, 53, 80
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@@ -93,6 +93,9 @@
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem} \usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{placeins} \usepackage{placeins}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\captionsetup[subfigure]{justification=centering}
%Loading the normalem package option prevents the redefinition of existing, already loaded definitions. If not loaded, the redefinition of the \emph command through ulem leads to formating problems in the bibilgraphy. %Loading the normalem package option prevents the redefinition of existing, already loaded definitions. If not loaded, the redefinition of the \emph command through ulem leads to formating problems in the bibilgraphy.
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