SGCMarkus/flaredetector
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

generate_plots: fix formatting and star count

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
SGCMarkus
2025-06-08 15:39:30 +02:00
parent 95ce7917d9
commit 7d0401d31d
1 changed files with 117 additions and 105 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files
generate_plots.py
+117 -105
View File
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def plotBinsHistogram(PDCSAPdataList, PDCSAPlabelList, PDCSAPcolorList, bins, ti
axHisto.set_title(title, wrap=True)
axHisto.xaxis.set_major_formatter(tck.FormatStrFormatter('%g $\pi$'))
axHisto.xaxis.set_major_locator(MaxNLocator(5))
axHisto.legend()
axHisto.legend(loc="lower right")
axHistoPhase = axHisto.twinx()
if(foldedFits is None):
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def plotFlarePeaks(plotdata, filters, labels, colors, maxY, title, filename):
axFlarePeaks.set_title(title, wrap=True)
axFlarePeaks.xaxis.set_major_formatter(tck.FormatStrFormatter('%g $\pi$'))
axFlarePeaks.xaxis.set_major_locator(MaxNLocator(5))
axFlarePeaks.legend()
axFlarePeaks.legend(loc="lower right")
plt.savefig(filename, bbox_inches="tight")
plt.close()
@@ -322,6 +322,101 @@ def plotStarPeriod(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, starName):
def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
# all flare peaks
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.DataFrame()
if("M" in combo):
Mfilter = data["SpType"].str.startswith("M")
Mfilter &= showSourceFilter
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.concat([finalDataAllFlarePeaks, data[Mfilter]], ignore_index=True)
if("K" in combo):
Kfilter = data["SpType"].str.startswith("K")
Kfilter &= showSourceFilter
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.concat([finalDataAllFlarePeaks, data[Kfilter]], ignore_index=True)
if("G" in combo):
Gfilter = data["SpType"].str.startswith("G")
Gfilter &= showSourceFilter
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.concat([finalDataAllFlarePeaks, data[Gfilter]], ignore_index=True)
if("F" in combo):
Ffilter = data["SpType"].str.startswith("F")
Ffilter &= showSourceFilter
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.concat([finalDataAllFlarePeaks, data[Ffilter]], ignore_index=True)
pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks = []
locFolder = f"{folderPath}/{''.join(combo)}/"
mkdir_p(f"{locFolder}/")
csvFile = open(f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}.csv", "a")
csvFile.write("Star Name,Spectral Type,Source,File,Flare Time,Flare Peak,Period,Normalized Phase of Peak,Peak in Period")
csvFile.write("\n")
for ind, row in finalDataAllFlarePeaks.reset_index().iterrows():
PDCSAPminOrigPhase = row["pdcsapFoldedFitPhaseStarEnd"][0]
PDCSAPmaxOrigPhase = row["pdcsapFoldedFitPhaseStarEnd"][1]
if(len(row["pdcsapFoldedPeaksPhasePair"]) > 0):
pdcsapVals = pd.DataFrame(row["pdcsapFoldedPeaksPhasePair"])
for td, peak, pv in zip(pdcsapVals["Phase"], pdcsapVals["Peak"], row["pdcsapPeaks"]):
normPhase = normalizePhase(td.value, np.abs(PDCSAPminOrigPhase), np.abs(PDCSAPmaxOrigPhase))
csvFile.write(f"{row['StarName']},{row['SpType']},{row['Source']},{row['FilePath']},{pv['FlarePeakTime']},{pv['FlarePeak']},{row['pdcsapPeriod']},{normPhase},{peak['FlarePeak']}")
csvFile.write("\n")
pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks.append({"SpType": row["SpType"][0],
"PDCSAPNormPhase": normPhase,
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"],
"StarName": row['StarName']})
if(peak["FlarePeak"] > 100):
print(row["StarName"], "has over 100 peak")
csvFile.close()
if(len(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks) > 0):
pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.DataFrame(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks)
numStarsAllFLarePeaks = len(set(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks["StarName"]))
pd.DataFrame(set(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks["StarName"])).to_csv(f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}_starlist.csv")
PDCSAPdataListDataAllFlarePeaks = []
PDCSAPlabelListDataAllFlarePeaks = []
PDCSAPcolorListDataAllFlarePeaks = []
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseDataAllFlarePeaks = []
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeakDataAllFlarePeaks = []
PDCSAPlabelList2dhistDataAllFlarePeaks = []
PDCSAPcolorList2dhistDataAllFlarePeaks = []
plotFiltersDataAllFlarePeaks = []
if("M" in combo):
MfilterDataAllFlarePeaks = pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks["SpType"] == "M"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[MfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeakDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[MfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["Peak"])
PDCSAPdataListDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[MfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPlabelListDataAllFlarePeaks.append("M Stars")
PDCSAPcolorListDataAllFlarePeaks.append("red")
plotFiltersDataAllFlarePeaks.append(MfilterDataAllFlarePeaks)
if("K" in combo):
KfilterDataAllFlarePeaks = pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks["SpType"] == "K"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[KfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeakDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[KfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["Peak"])
PDCSAPdataListDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[KfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPlabelListDataAllFlarePeaks.append("K Stars")
PDCSAPcolorListDataAllFlarePeaks.append("orange")
plotFiltersDataAllFlarePeaks.append(KfilterDataAllFlarePeaks)
if("G" in combo):
GfilterDataAllFlarePeaks = pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks["SpType"] == "G"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[GfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeakDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[GfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["Peak"])
PDCSAPdataListDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[GfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPlabelListDataAllFlarePeaks.append("G Stars")
PDCSAPcolorListDataAllFlarePeaks.append("yellow")
plotFiltersDataAllFlarePeaks.append(GfilterDataAllFlarePeaks)
if("F" in combo):
FfilterDataAllFlarePeaks = pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks["SpType"] == "F"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[FfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeakDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[FfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["Peak"])
PDCSAPdataListDataAllFlarePeaks.append(pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks[FfilterDataAllFlarePeaks]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPlabelListDataAllFlarePeaks.append("F Stars")
PDCSAPcolorListDataAllFlarePeaks.append("greenyellow")
plotFiltersDataAllFlarePeaks.append(FfilterDataAllFlarePeaks)
xDataDataAllFlarePeaks, yDataDataAllFlarePeaks, _ = setupxyDataAndDataList(PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseDataAllFlarePeaks, PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeakDataAllFlarePeaks,
pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks, "PDCSAPNormPhase")
generatePlots(PDCSAPdataListDataAllFlarePeaks, PDCSAPlabelListDataAllFlarePeaks, PDCSAPcolorListDataAllFlarePeaks, f"Flare count per phase of {', '.join(combo)} type stars with @bins bins ({numStarsAllFLarePeaks} stars)", f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}-Flarecount-@bins_Bins.png",
xDataDataAllFlarePeaks, yDataDataAllFlarePeaks, f"Flare peak per phase histogram of {', '.join(combo)} type stars with @bins bins ({numStarsAllFLarePeaks} stars)", f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}-Flarepeaks-@bins_Bins_maxY-@maxY.png",
pdcsapbinningDataAllFlarePeaks, plotFiltersDataAllFlarePeaks, PDCSAPlabelListDataAllFlarePeaks, PDCSAPcolorListDataAllFlarePeaks, f"Flare peaks per phase of {', '.join(combo)} type stars ({numStarsAllFLarePeaks} stars)", f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}-Flarepeaks_maxY-@maxY.png")
for maxFlarePeak in [1.01, 1.05, 1.1, 1.25, 1.5]:
# max Flare Peak cut
finalDataMaxFlarePeak = pd.DataFrame()
@@ -366,7 +461,8 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
csvFileU.write("\n")
pdcsapbinningDataU.append({"SpType": row["SpType"][0],
"PDCSAPNormPhase": normPhase,
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"]})
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"],
"StarName": row['StarName']})
if(peak["FlarePeak"] > 100):
print(row["StarName"], "has over 100 peak")
else:
@@ -375,7 +471,8 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
csvFileO.write("\n")
pdcsapbinningDataO.append({"SpType": row["SpType"][0],
"PDCSAPNormPhase": normPhase,
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"]})
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"],
"StarName": row['StarName']})
if(peak["FlarePeak"] > 100):
print(row["StarName"], "has over 100 peak")
@@ -384,6 +481,7 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
if(len(pdcsapbinningDataU) > 0):
pdcsapbinningDataU = pd.DataFrame(pdcsapbinningDataU)
numStarsFlarePeakU = len(set(pdcsapbinningDataU["StarName"]))
pd.DataFrame(set(pdcsapbinningDataU["StarName"])).to_csv(f"{locFolderU}/{''.join(combo)}_starlist.csv")
PDCSAPdataListU = []
PDCSAPlabelListU = []
PDCSAPcolorListU = []
@@ -432,6 +530,7 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
if(len(pdcsapbinningDataO) > 0):
pdcsapbinningDataO = pd.DataFrame(pdcsapbinningDataO)
numStarsFlarePeakO = len(set(pdcsapbinningDataO["StarName"]))
pd.DataFrame(set(pdcsapbinningDataO["StarName"])).to_csv(f"{locFolderO}/{''.join(combo)}_starlist.csv")
PDCSAPdataListO = []
PDCSAPlabelListO = []
PDCSAPcolorListO = []
@@ -476,99 +575,7 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
generatePlots(PDCSAPdataListO, PDCSAPlabelListO, PDCSAPcolorListO, f"Flare count per phase of {', '.join(combo)} type stars with @bins bins ({numStarsFlarePeakO} stars)", f"{locFolderO}/{''.join(combo)}_minFlarePeak_{maxFlarePeak}-Flarecount-@bins_Bins.png",
xData, yData, f"Flare peak per phase histogram of {', '.join(combo)} type stars with @bins bins ({numStarsFlarePeakO} stars)", f"{locFolderO}/{''.join(combo)}_minFlarePeak_{maxFlarePeak}-Flarepeaks-@bins_Bins_maxY-@maxY.png",
pdcsapbinningDataO, plotFiltersO, PDCSAPlabelListO, PDCSAPcolorListO, f"Flare peaks per phase of {', '.join(combo)} type stars ({numStarsFlarePeakO} stars)", f"{locFolderO}/{''.join(combo)}_minFlarePeak_{maxFlarePeak}-Flarepeaks_maxY-@maxY.png")
# all flare peaks
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.DataFrame()
if("M" in combo):
Mfilter = data["SpType"].str.startswith("M")
Mfilter &= showSourceFilter
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.concat([finalDataAllFlarePeaks, data[Mfilter]], ignore_index=True)
if("K" in combo):
Kfilter = data["SpType"].str.startswith("K")
Kfilter &= showSourceFilter
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.concat([finalDataAllFlarePeaks, data[Kfilter]], ignore_index=True)
if("G" in combo):
Gfilter = data["SpType"].str.startswith("G")
Gfilter &= showSourceFilter
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.concat([finalDataAllFlarePeaks, data[Gfilter]], ignore_index=True)
if("F" in combo):
Ffilter = data["SpType"].str.startswith("F")
Ffilter &= showSourceFilter
finalDataAllFlarePeaks = pd.concat([finalDataAllFlarePeaks, data[Ffilter]], ignore_index=True)
pdcsapbinningData = []
locFolder = f"{folderPath}/{''.join(combo)}/"
mkdir_p(f"{locFolder}/")
csvFile = open(f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}.csv", "a")
csvFile.write("Star Name,Spectral Type,Source,File,Flare Time,Flare Peak,Period,Normalized Phase of Peak,Peak in Period")
csvFile.write("\n")
for ind, row in finalDataAllFlarePeaks.reset_index().iterrows():
PDCSAPminOrigPhase = row["pdcsapFoldedFitPhaseStarEnd"][0]
PDCSAPmaxOrigPhase = row["pdcsapFoldedFitPhaseStarEnd"][1]
if(len(row["pdcsapFoldedPeaksPhasePair"]) > 0):
pdcsapVals = pd.DataFrame(row["pdcsapFoldedPeaksPhasePair"])
for td, peak, pv in zip(pdcsapVals["Phase"], pdcsapVals["Peak"], row["pdcsapPeaks"]):
normPhase = normalizePhase(td.value, np.abs(PDCSAPminOrigPhase), np.abs(PDCSAPmaxOrigPhase))
csvFile.write(f"{row['StarName']},{row['SpType']},{row['Source']},{row['FilePath']},{pv['FlarePeakTime']},{pv['FlarePeak']},{row['pdcsapPeriod']},{normPhase},{peak['FlarePeak']}")
csvFile.write("\n")
pdcsapbinningData.append({"SpType": row["SpType"][0],
"PDCSAPNormPhase": normPhase,
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"]})
if(peak["FlarePeak"] > 100):
print(row["StarName"], "has over 100 peak")
csvFile.close()
if(len(pdcsapbinningData) > 0):
pdcsapbinningData = pd.DataFrame(pdcsapbinningData)
numStarsAllFLarePeaks = len(set(pdcsapbinningData["StarName"]))
PDCSAPdataList = []
PDCSAPlabelList = []
PDCSAPcolorList = []
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhase = []
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeak = []
PDCSAPlabelList2dhist = []
PDCSAPcolorList2dhist = []
plotFilters = []
if("M" in combo):
Mfilter = pdcsapbinningData["SpType"] == "M"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhase.append(pdcsapbinningData[Mfilter]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeak.append(pdcsapbinningData[Mfilter]["Peak"])
PDCSAPdataList.append(pdcsapbinningData[Mfilter]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPlabelList.append("M Stars")
PDCSAPcolorList.append("red")
plotFilters.append(Mfilter)
if("K" in combo):
Kfilter = pdcsapbinningData["SpType"] == "K"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhase.append(pdcsapbinningData[Kfilter]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeak.append(pdcsapbinningData[Kfilter]["Peak"])
PDCSAPdataList.append(pdcsapbinningData[Kfilter]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPlabelList.append("K Stars")
PDCSAPcolorList.append("orange")
plotFilters.append(Kfilter)
if("G" in combo):
Gfilter = pdcsapbinningData["SpType"] == "G"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhase.append(pdcsapbinningData[Gfilter]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeak.append(pdcsapbinningData[Gfilter]["Peak"])
PDCSAPdataList.append(pdcsapbinningData[Gfilter]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPlabelList.append("G Stars")
PDCSAPcolorList.append("yellow")
plotFilters.append(Gfilter)
if("F" in combo):
Ffilter = pdcsapbinningData["SpType"] == "F"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhase.append(pdcsapbinningData[Ffilter]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeak.append(pdcsapbinningData[Ffilter]["Peak"])
PDCSAPdataList.append(pdcsapbinningData[Ffilter]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
PDCSAPlabelList.append("F Stars")
PDCSAPcolorList.append("greenyellow")
plotFilters.append(Ffilter)
xData, yData, _ = setupxyDataAndDataList(PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhase, PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeak,
pdcsapbinningData, "PDCSAPNormPhase",)
plotdata = pdcsapbinningData
filters = plotFilters
generatePlots(PDCSAPdataList, PDCSAPlabelList, PDCSAPcolorList, f"Flare count per phase of {', '.join(combo)} type stars with @bins bins ({numStarsAllFLarePeaks} stars)", f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}-Flarecount-@bins_Bins.png",
xData, yData, f"Flare peak per phase histogram of {', '.join(combo)} type stars with @bins bins ({numStarsAllFLarePeaks} stars)", f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}-Flarepeaks-@bins_Bins_maxY-@maxY.png",
plotdata, filters, PDCSAPlabelList, PDCSAPcolorList, f"Flare peaks per phase of {', '.join(combo)} type stars ({numStarsAllFLarePeaks} stars)", f"{locFolder}/{''.join(combo)}-Flarepeaks_maxY-@maxY.png")
if(len(combo) == 1):
mainSpType = combo[0]
spTypes = [f"{mainSpType}0", f"{mainSpType}1", f"{mainSpType}2", f"{mainSpType}3", f"{mainSpType}4", f"{mainSpType}5", f"{mainSpType}6", f"{mainSpType}7", f"{mainSpType}8", f"{mainSpType}9"]
@@ -606,13 +613,15 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
csvFile.write("\n")
pdcsapbinningData.append({"SpType": f'{row["SpType"][0]}{row["SpType"][1]}',
"PDCSAPNormPhase": normPhase,
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"]})
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"],
"StarName": row['StarName']})
if(peak["FlarePeak"] > 100):
print(row["StarName"], "has over 100 peak")
csvFile.close()
if(len(pdcsapbinningData) > 0):
pdcsapbinningData = pd.DataFrame(pdcsapbinningData)
numStarsAccSpType = len(set(pdcsapbinningData[typeFilter]["StarName"]))
numStarsAccSpType = len(set(pdcsapbinningData["StarName"]))
pd.DataFrame(set(pdcsapbinningData["StarName"])).to_csv(f"{locFolder}/{spTyp}_starlist.csv")
PDCSAPdataList = []
PDCSAPlabelList = []
PDCSAPcolorList = []
@@ -685,13 +694,15 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
csvFileU.write("\n")
pdcsapbinningDataU.append({"SpType": f'{row["SpType"][0]}',
"PDCSAPNormPhase": normPhase,
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"]})
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"],
"StarName": row['StarName']})
else:
csvFileO.write(f"{row['StarName']},{row['SpType']},{row['Source']},{row['FilePath']},{pv['FlarePeakTime']},{pv['FlarePeak']},{row['pdcsapPeriod']},{row['MeanPeriod']},{normPhase},{peak['FlarePeak']}")
csvFileO.write("\n")
pdcsapbinningDataO.append({"SpType": f'{row["SpType"][0]}',
"PDCSAPNormPhase": normPhase,
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"]})
"Peak": peak["FlarePeak"],
"StarName": row['StarName']})
if(peak["FlarePeak"] > 100):
print(row["StarName"], "has over 100 peak")
csvFileU.close()
@@ -705,9 +716,6 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseO = []; PDCSAPdataList2dhistPeakO = []
plotFiltersU = []; plotFiltersO = [];
numStarsPeriodU = len(set(pdcsapbinningDataU[typeFilter]["StarName"]))
numStarsPeriodO = len(set(pdcsapbinningDataO[typeFilter]["StarName"]))
if("M" in combo):
PDCSAPlabelList.append("M Stars")
PDCSAPcolorList.append("red")
@@ -722,6 +730,8 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
PDCSAPcolorList.append("greenyellow")
if(len(pdcsapbinningDataU) > 0):
numStarsPeriodU = len(set(pdcsapbinningDataU["StarName"]))
pd.DataFrame(set(pdcsapbinningDataU["StarName"])).to_csv(f"{locFolder}/under_{periodCut}_starlist.csv")
if("M" in combo):
MfilterU = pdcsapbinningDataU["SpType"] == "M"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseU.append(pdcsapbinningDataU[MfilterU]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
@@ -748,6 +758,8 @@ def plotCombo(data, showSourceFilter, folderPath, combo):
plotFiltersU.append(FfilterU)
if(len(pdcsapbinningDataO) > 0):
numStarsPeriodO = len(set(pdcsapbinningDataO["StarName"]))
pd.DataFrame(set(pdcsapbinningDataO["StarName"])).to_csv(f"{locFolder}/over_{periodCut}_starlist.csv")
if("M" in combo):
MfilterO = pdcsapbinningDataO["SpType"] == "M"
PDCSAPdataList2dhistPhaseO.append(pdcsapbinningDataO[MfilterO]["PDCSAPNormPhase"])
@@ -851,7 +863,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
validStarPeriodMap = pd.DataFrame(validStarPeriodMap)
data = pd.merge(data, validStarPeriodMap, on="StarName")
#starPlotFunc = partial(plotStar, data, showSourceFilter, folderPath)
#list(pool.map(starPlotFunc, allStars)) # wrap in list, to force evaluation